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Bayesian analysis is a statistical procedure which endeavors to estimate parameters of an underlying distribution based on the observed distribution. Begin with a "prior ...

In a dynamical system, a bifurcation is a period doubling, quadrupling, etc., that accompanies the onset of chaos. It represents the sudden appearance of a qualitatively ...

A binomial number is a number of the form a^n+/-b^n, where a,b, and n are integers. Binomial numbers can be factored algebraically as ...

Branch and bound algorithms are a variety of adaptive partition strategies have been proposed to solve global optimization models. These are based upon partition, sampling, ...

Let f:M|->N be a map between two compact, connected, oriented n-dimensional manifolds without boundary. Then f induces a homomorphism f_* from the homology groups H_n(M) to ...

The Cauchy distribution, also called the Lorentzian distribution or Lorentz distribution, is a continuous distribution describing resonance behavior. It also describes the ...

A theorem which effectively describes how lengths, areas, volumes, and generalized n-dimensional volumes (contents) are distorted by differentiable functions. In particular, ...

A complex number z may be represented as z=x+iy=|z|e^(itheta), (1) where |z| is a positive real number called the complex modulus of z, and theta (sometimes also denoted phi) ...

A reduction system is called confluent (or globally confluent) if, for all x, u, and w such that x->_*u and x->_*w, there exists a z such that u->_*z and w->_*z. A reduction ...

A plot in the complex plane of the points B(t)=S(t)+iC(t), (1) where S(t) and C(t) are the Fresnel integrals (von Seggern 2007, p. 210; Gray 1997, p. 65). The Cornu spiral is ...