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A submodule S of a module M such that for any proper submodule T of M, the submodule generated by S union T is not the entire module M. S is also called superfluous submodule.

A straight line embedding, or "straight line drawing," of a graph is a graph embedding in which all edges are drawn as straight line segments (as opposed to curves, etc.).

Coordinates useful for plotting projective three-dimensional curves of the form f(x_0,x_1,x_2,x_3)=0 which are defined by x_0 = 1-z-sqrt(2)x (1) x_1 = 1-z+sqrt(2)x (2) x_2 = ...

The function defined by U(n)=(n!)^(n!). The values for n=0, 1, ..., are 1, 1, 4, 46656, 1333735776850284124449081472843776, ... (OEIS A046882).

A quantity which takes on the value zero is said to vanish identically, or sometimes simply to vanish. The term "vanish identically" is preferred when emphasis is needed that ...

A t-(v,k,lambda) block design (abbreviated t-design) is an incidence structure of points and blocks such that the following hold: 1. There are v points, 2. Each block ...

The totient function phi(n), also called Euler's totient function, is defined as the number of positive integers <=n that are relatively prime to (i.e., do not contain any ...

A method of determining the maximum number of positive and negative real roots of a polynomial. For positive roots, start with the sign of the coefficient of the lowest (or ...

Consider a combination lock consisting of n buttons that can be pressed in any combination (including multiple buttons at once), but in such a way that each number is pressed ...

Riddell's formula for unlabeled graphs is the Euler transform relating the number of unlabeled connected graphs on n nodes satisfying some property with the corresponding ...