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A mathematical structure A is said to be closed under an operation + if, whenever a and b are both elements of A, then so is a+b. A mathematical object taken together with ...

Two square matrices A and B are called congruent if there exists a nonsingular matrix P such that B=P^(T)AP, where P^(T) is the transpose.

The absence of contradiction (i.e., the ability to prove that a statement and its negative are both true) in an Axiomatic system is known as consistency.

A vector v on a Hilbert space H is said to be cyclic if there exists some bounded linear operator T on H so that the set of orbits {T^iv}_(i=0)^infty={v,Tv,T^2v,...} is dense ...

For {M_i}_(i in I) a family of R-modules indexed by a directed set I, let sigma_(ij):M_i->M_j i<=j be an R-module homomorphism. Call (M_i,sigma_(ij)) a direct system over I ...

Expanded notation is the term given in elementary mathematics education for the expansion of a positive integer in the form sum_(k)b_k10^k, i.e., as a sum of appropriate ...

The Galilean spiral is the curve with polar equation r=btheta^2-a for a>0 which describes the trajectory of a point uniformly accelerated along a line rotating about a point.

The set of points of X fixed by a group action are called the group's set of fixed points, defined by {x:gx=x for all g in G}. In some cases, there may not be a group action, ...

Let X be a metric space, A be a subset of X, and d a number >=0. The d-dimensional Hausdorff measure of A, H^d(A), is the infimum of positive numbers y such that for every ...

Let a_1, a_2, ..., a_n be scalars not all equal to 0. Then the set S consisting of all vectors X=[x_1; x_2; |; x_n] in R^n such that a_1x_1+a_2x_2+...+a_nx_n=c for c a ...