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The Ulam sequence {a_i}=(u,v) is defined by a_1=u, a_2=v, with the general term a_n for n>2 given by the least integer expressible uniquely as the sum of two distinct earlier ...

An unfolding is the cutting along edges and flattening out of a polyhedron to form a net. Determining how to unfold a polyhedron into a net is tricky. For example, cuts ...

A uniquely k-colorable graph G is a chi-colorable graph such that every chi-coloring gives the same partition of G (Chao 2001). Examples of uniquely minimal colorable classes ...

Integrals over the unit square arising in geometric probability are int_0^1int_0^1sqrt(x^2+y^2)dxdy=1/3[sqrt(2)+sinh^(-1)(1)] int_0^1int_0^1sqrt((x-1/2)^2+(y-1/2)^2)dxdy ...

A Turing machine which, by appropriate programming using a finite length of input tape, can act as any Turing machine whatsoever. In his seminal paper, Turing himself gave ...

The smallest number of times u(K) a knot K must be passed through itself to untie it. Lower bounds can be computed using relatively straightforward techniques, but it is in ...

There are many unsolved problems in mathematics. Some prominent outstanding unsolved problems (as well as some which are not necessarily so well known) include 1. The ...

A vertex-transitive graph, also sometimes called a node symmetric graph (Chiang and Chen 1995), is a graph such that every pair of vertices is equivalent under some element ...

Let S be a collection of subsets of a finite set X. A subset Y of X that meets every member of S is called the vertex cover, or hitting set. A vertex cover of a graph G can ...

The partitioning of a plane with n points into convex polygons such that each polygon contains exactly one generating point and every point in a given polygon is closer to ...