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Denote the nth derivative D^n and the n-fold integral D^(-n). Then D^(-1)f(t)=int_0^tf(xi)dxi. (1) Now, if the equation D^(-n)f(t)=1/((n-1)!)int_0^t(t-xi)^(n-1)f(xi)dxi (2) ...

An optical illusion named after British psychologist James Fraser, who first studied the illusion in 1908 (Fraser 1908). The illusion is also known as the false spiral, or by ...

The Freemish crate, also called Escher's cube (Elber) or Hyzer's illusion (Pappas 1989, p. 13), is an impossible figure box that can be drawn but not built. It appears in ...

There are a number of slightly different definitions of the Fresnel integrals. In physics, the Fresnel integrals denoted C(u) and S(u) are most often defined by C(u)+iS(u) = ...

The circumcircle of the Fuhrmann triangle. It has the line HNa, where H is the orthocenter and Na is the Nagel point, as its diameter. In fact, these points (Kimberling ...

There are three types of so-called fundamental forms. The most important are the first and second (since the third can be expressed in terms of these). The fundamental forms ...

The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every positive integer (except the number 1) can be represented in exactly one way apart from rearrangement as a product of ...

An extension of two-valued logic such that statements need not be true or false, but may have a degree of truth between 0 and 1. Such a system can be extremely useful in ...

Let two players each have a finite number of pennies (say, n_1 for player one and n_2 for player two). Now, flip one of the pennies (from either player), with each player ...

The Game of Logic, described by Lewis Carroll--author of Alice in Wonderland--in 1887 (Carroll 1972) consists of discussing the meaning of propositions like "Some fresh cakes ...