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Closed forms are known for the sums of reciprocals of even-indexed Lucas numbers P_L^((e)) = sum_(n=1)^(infty)1/(L_(2n)) (1) = sum_(n=1)^(infty)1/(phi^(2n)+phi^(-2n)) (2) = ...

An analytic function f(z) whose Laurent series is given by f(z)=sum_(n=-infty)^inftya_n(z-z_0)^n, (1) can be integrated term by term using a closed contour gamma encircling ...

The Riemann-Siegel integral formula is the following representation of the xi-function xi(s) found in Riemann's Nachlass by Bessel-Hagen in 1926 (Siegel 1932; Edwards 2001, ...

A stochastic approximation method that functions by placing conditions on iterative step sizes and whose convergence is guaranteed under mild conditions. However, the method ...

Given two functions f and g analytic in A with gamma a simple loop homotopic to a point in A, if |g(z)|<|f(z)| for all z on gamma, then f and f+g have the same number of ...

Let p run over all distinct primitive ordered periodic geodesics, and let tau(p) denote the positive length of p, then every even function h(rho) analytic in ...

Let p run over all distinct primitive ordered periodic geodesics, and let tau(p) denote the positive length of p, then the Selberg zeta function is defined as ...

Let x be a positive number, and define lambda(d) = mu(d)[ln(x/d)]^2 (1) f(n) = sum_(d)lambda(d), (2) where the sum extends over the divisors d of n, and mu(n) is the Möbius ...

The modification of a set of data to make it smooth and nearly continuous and remove or diminish outlying points.

The square wave, also called a pulse train, or pulse wave, is a periodic waveform consisting of instantaneous transitions between two levels. The square wave is sometimes ...