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A p-adic number is an extension of the field of rationals such that congruences modulo powers of a fixed prime p are related to proximity in the so called "p-adic metric." ...

The q-analog of the Pochhammer symbol defined by (a;q)_k={product_(j=0)^(k-1)(1-aq^j) if k>0; 1 if k=0; product_(j=1)^(|k|)(1-aq^(-j))^(-1) if k<0; ...

A q-series is series involving coefficients of the form (a;q)_n = product_(k=0)^(n-1)(1-aq^k) (1) = product_(k=0)^(infty)((1-aq^k))/((1-aq^(k+n))) (2) = ...

The binomial coefficient (n; k) is the number of ways of picking k unordered outcomes from n possibilities, also known as a combination or combinatorial number. The symbols ...

An automorphism of a graph is a graph isomorphism with itself, i.e., a mapping from the vertices of the given graph G back to vertices of G such that the resulting graph is ...

There are two definitions of the Fermat number. The less common is a number of the form 2^n+1 obtained by setting x=1 in a Fermat polynomial, the first few of which are 3, 5, ...

In mathematics, a knot is defined as a closed, non-self-intersecting curve that is embedded in three dimensions and cannot be untangled to produce a simple loop (i.e., the ...

The "15 puzzle" is a sliding square puzzle commonly (but incorrectly) attributed to Sam Loyd. However, research by Slocum and Sonneveld (2006) has revealed that Sam Loyd did ...

An Abelian group is a group for which the elements commute (i.e., AB=BA for all elements A and B). Abelian groups therefore correspond to groups with symmetric multiplication ...

The word "algebra" is a distortion of the Arabic title of a treatise by al-Khwārizmī about algebraic methods. In modern usage, algebra has several meanings. One use of the ...