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An equation for a lattice sum b_3(1) (Borwein and Bailey 2003, p. 26) b_3(1) = sum^'_(i,j,k=-infty)^infty((-1)^(i+j+k))/(sqrt(i^2+j^2+k^2)) (1) = ...

Black-Scholes theory is the theory underlying financial derivatives which involves stochastic calculus and assumes an uncorrelated log normal distribution of continuously ...

The Brent-Salamin formula, also called the Gauss-Salamin formula or Salamin formula, is a formula that uses the arithmetic-geometric mean to compute pi. It has quadratic ...

An ordinary differential equation of the form x^my^'=f(x,y), where m is a positive integer, f is analytic at x=y=0, f(0,0)=0, and f_y^'(0,0)!=0. Zwillinger (1997, p. 120), ...

A canonical labeling, also called a canonical form, of a graph G is a graph G^' which is isomorphic to G and which represents the whole isomorphism class of G (Piperno 2011). ...

The term "Cartesian" is used to refer to anything that derives from René Descartes' conception of geometry (1637), which is based on the representation of points in the plane ...

The Euclidean plane parametrized by coordinates, so that each point is located based on its position with respect to two perpendicular lines, called coordinate axes. They are ...

If g(x) is differentiable at the point x and f(x) is differentiable at the point g(x), then f degreesg is differentiable at x. Furthermore, let y=f(g(x)) and u=g(x), then ...

A number which can be represented by a finite number of additions, subtractions, multiplications, divisions, and finite square root extractions of integers. Such numbers ...

Given four points chosen at random inside a unit cube, the average volume of the tetrahedron determined by these points is given by ...