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A two-component complex column vector. Spinors can describe both bosons and fermions, while tensors can describe only bosons.

Homology is a concept that is used in many branches of algebra and topology. Historically, the term "homology" was first used in a topological sense by Poincaré. To him, it ...

A non-Euclidean geometry, also called Lobachevsky-Bolyai-Gauss geometry, having constant sectional curvature -1. This geometry satisfies all of Euclid's postulates except the ...

The triangular orthobicupola is Johnson solid J_(27), consisting of eight equilateral triangles and six squares. If a triangular orthobicupola is oriented with triangles on ...

The idea of a velocity vector comes from classical physics. By representing the position and motion of a single particle using vectors, the equations for motion are simpler ...

The fundamental group of an arcwise-connected set X is the group formed by the sets of equivalence classes of the set of all loops, i.e., paths with initial and final points ...

product_(i)dp_idq_i, where p_i and q_i are momenta and positions of particles.

Let (X,A,mu) and (Y,B,nu) be measure spaces. A measurable rectangle is a set of the form A×B for A in A and B in B.

An assemblage of faces forming a polyhedron of zero volume (Holden 1991, p. 124).

Let V and W be vector spaces over a field F, and let T:V->W be a linear transformation. Assuming the dimension of V is finite, then dim(V)=dim(Ker(T))+dim(Im(T)), where ...