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A tubular neighborhood of a submanifold N in M is an embedding of the normal bundle (nu_N) of N into M, i.e., f:nu_N->M, where the image of the zero section of the normal ...

A zero tensor is a tensor of any rank and with any pattern of covariant and contravariant indices all of whose components are equal to 0 (Weinberg 1972, p. 38).

A zero vector, denoted 0, is a vector of length 0, and thus has all components equal to zero. It is the additive identity of the additive group of vectors.

Given a unit disk, find the smallest radius r(n) required for n equal disks to completely cover the unit disk. The first few such values are r(1) = 1 (1) r(2) = 1 (2) r(3) = ...

For every positive integer n, there exists a circle which contains exactly n lattice points in its interior. H. Steinhaus proved that for every positive integer n, there ...

The mean triangle area of a triangle picked inside a regular hexagon with unit area is A^_=289/3888 (Woolhouse 1867, Pfiefer 1989). This is a special case of a general ...

In order to integrate a function over a complicated domain D, Monte Carlo integration picks random points over some simple domain D^' which is a superset of D, checks whether ...

A sliver of the surface of a sphere of radius r cut out by two planes through the azimuthal axis with dihedral angle theta. The surface area of the lune is S=2r^2theta, which ...

A full angle, also called a complete angle, round angle, or perigon, is an angle equal to 2pi radians =360 degrees corresponding to the central angle of an entire circle. ...

An orthogonal basis of vectors is a set of vectors {x_j} that satisfy x_jx_k=C_(jk)delta_(jk) and x^mux_nu=C_nu^mudelta_nu^mu, where C_(jk), C_nu^mu are constants (not ...