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A real quantity having a value less than zero (<0) is said to be negative. Negative numbers are denoted with a minus sign preceding the corresponding positive number, i.e., ...

Rule 250 is one of the elementary cellular automaton rules introduced by Stephen Wolfram in 1983 (Wolfram 1983, 2002). It specifies the next color in a cell, depending on its ...

A prime number (or prime integer, often simply called a "prime" for short) is a positive integer p>1 that has no positive integer divisors other than 1 and p itself. More ...

Calculus of variations can be used to find the curve from a point (x_1,y_1) to a point (x_2,y_2) which, when revolved around the x-axis, yields a surface of smallest surface ...

Complex Analysis

Let z=re^(itheta)=x+iy be a complex number, then inequality |(zexp(sqrt(1-z^2)))/(1+sqrt(1-z^2))|<=1 (1) holds in the lens-shaped region illustrated above. Written explicitly ...

A spectral sequence is a tool of homological algebra that has many applications in algebra, algebraic geometry, and algebraic topology. Roughly speaking, a spectral sequence ...

A test used to determine the statistical significance of an observation. Two main types of error can occur: 1. A type I error occurs when a false negative result is obtained ...

The nth root of the denominator B_n of the nth convergent A_n/B_n of a number x tends to a constant lim_(n->infty)B_n^(1/n) = e^beta (1) = e^(pi^2/(12ln2)) (2) = 3.275823... ...

A pseudoprime is a composite number that passes a test or sequence of tests that fail for most composite numbers. Unfortunately, some authors drop the "composite" ...