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Determinants are mathematical objects that are very useful in the analysis and solution of systems of linear equations. As shown by Cramer's rule, a nonhomogeneous system of ...

The Heaviside step function is a mathematical function denoted H(x), or sometimes theta(x) or u(x) (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 1020), and also known as the "unit step ...

A power series in a variable z is an infinite sum of the form sum_(i=0)^inftya_iz^i, where a_i are integers, real numbers, complex numbers, or any other quantities of a given ...

A number is said to be simply normal to base b if its base-b expansion has each digit appearing with average frequency tending to b^(-1). A normal number is an irrational ...

A mathematical procedure for finding the best-fitting curve to a given set of points by minimizing the sum of the squares of the offsets ("the residuals") of the points from ...

The Dedekind eta function is defined over the upper half-plane H={tau:I[tau]>0} by eta(tau) = q^_^(1/24)(q^_)_infty (1) = q^_^(1/24)product_(k=1)^(infty)(1-q^_^k) (2) = ...

The study of angles and of the angular relationships of planar and three-dimensional figures is known as trigonometry. The trigonometric functions (also called the circular ...

Watson (1939) considered the following three triple integrals, I_1 = 1/(pi^3)int_0^piint_0^piint_0^pi(dudvdw)/(1-cosucosvcosw) (1) = (4[K(1/2sqrt(2))]^2)/(pi^2) (2) = ...

The degree to which a given quantity is correct and free from error. For example, a quantity specified as 100+/-1 has an (absolute) accuracy of +/-1 (meaning its true value ...

The difference of a quantity from some fixed value, usually the "correct" or "expected" one.