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The natural logarithm lnx is the logarithm having base e, where e=2.718281828.... (1) This function can be defined lnx=int_1^x(dt)/t (2) for x>0. This definition means that e ...

The natural logarithm of 2 is a transcendental quantity that arises often in decay problems, especially when half-lives are being converted to decay constants. ln2 has ...

Let lambda_(m,n) be Chebyshev constants. Schönhage (1973) proved that lim_(n->infty)(lambda_(0,n))^(1/n)=1/3. (1) It was conjectured that the number ...

The orchard-planting problem (also known as the orchard problem or tree-planting problem) asks that n trees be planted so that there will be r(n,k) straight rows with k trees ...

The intersection H of the three altitudes AH_A, BH_B, and CH_C of a triangle is called the orthocenter. The name was invented by Besant and Ferrers in 1865 while walking on a ...

Starting with the circle P_1 tangent to the three semicircles forming the arbelos, construct a chain of tangent circles P_i, all tangent to one of the two small interior ...

A partial differential equation (PDE) is an equation involving functions and their partial derivatives; for example, the wave equation ...

A partition is a way of writing an integer n as a sum of positive integers where the order of the addends is not significant, possibly subject to one or more additional ...

A perfect graph is a graph G such that for every induced subgraph of G, the clique number equals the chromatic number, i.e., omega(G)=chi(G). A graph that is not a perfect ...

A permutation cycle is a subset of a permutation whose elements trade places with one another. Permutations cycles are called "orbits" by Comtet (1974, p. 256). For example, ...