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Quantum Parallel Repetition


Quantum parallel repetition plays n independent copies of a two-player entangled game and accepts only when the players win every copy. In one copy of such a game, a referee sends one question to each of two noncommunicating players and decides whether they win from their answers. The players may share an entangled quantum state before play, and the supremum of their winning probabilities is the entangled value omega^*(G).

Raz (1998) proved exponential parallel repetition for classical games, while Yuen (2016) obtained polynomial decay for arbitrary entangled games.

Let G be any finite two-player, one-round entangled game with nonempty answer alphabets A and B, and write omega^*(G)=1-epsilon<1. An AI-generated proof given by OpenAI (2026) established that there is a universal constant c_(qs)>0 such that

 omega^*(G^( tensor n))<=exp(-c_(qs)(epsilon^(13))/(epsilon+ln(|A||B|))n).

for every integer n>=1. Thus the entangled value has exponential decay for every such game. This proves the quantum parallel repetition conjecture for all finite two-player, one-round games. The exponent 13 is not claimed to be optimal.


See also

Exponential Decay, Hilbert Space, Probability, Quantum Chromatic Number

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References

OpenAI. "Exponential Parallel Repetition for All Two-Player Entangled Games." Ch. 6 in Ten Advances in Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science. San Francisco, CA: OpenAI, Aug. 1, 2026. https://cdn.openai.com/pdf/ten-proofs-oai.pdf.Raz, R. "A Parallel Repetition Theorem." SIAM J. Comput. 27, 763-803, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1137/S0097539795280895.Yuen, H. "A Parallel Repetition Theorem for All Entangled Games." In 43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming. Dagstuhl, Germany: Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, LIPIcs 55, pp. 77:1-77:13, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.77.

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Quantum Parallel Repetition." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/QuantumParallelRepetition.html

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