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Pinwheel Scheduling


Pinwheel scheduling is the problem of arranging recurring tasks in a sequence with at most one task performed in each time slot. An instance consists of positive integers (a_1,...,a_k). Task i must occur at least once in every block of a_i consecutive slots. An instance is feasible if an infinite schedule satisfies all these requirements. For example, the instance (2,2) is feasible by alternating the two tasks.

The density of an instance is

 rho=sum_(i=1)^k1/(a_i).
(1)

Feasibility requires rho<=1, but this condition is not sufficient. The 5/6-density conjecture asserts that every instance with rho<=5/6 is feasible (Gąsieniec et al. 2021).

The kernel conjecture for pinwheel scheduling (Gąsieniec et al. 2021) asserts that every feasible instance with a_1<=...<=a_k has a feasible instance (b_1,...,b_k) with b_i<=a_i for every i and b_k<=2^(k-1). MathIsEvenEasier (2026) reported a counterexample using six tasks. In the family

 A_b=(3,4,5,20,22,b),
(2)

the instance A_b is feasible exactly when b>=36. For b=36, repeating the 36-slot word

 ACBABCAFBACABDACBABCAEBACABCADBACABE,
(3)

where the letters A through F denote the six tasks in order, gives a feasible schedule. The longest cyclic gaps between occurrences of these tasks are respectively 3, 4, 5, 20, 22, and 36.

The infeasibility of A_(32) contradicts the proposed bound 2^(6-1)=32. Indeed, a feasible instance whose requirements are all at least as strict as those of A_(32) would also make A_(32) feasible. The certificate for A_(35) uses a finite directed graph of 56,284 scheduling states and 107,847 legal transitions. The certificate for A_(32) has 50,881 states and 97,140 transitions. Each has a decreasing integer rank on every transition. This rules out infinite schedules as well as periodic sequences.

The same example refutes the related holiday conjecture that every k-task instance admitting a schedule with empty slots admits one with an empty slot in every block of 2^k slots. Removing F from the schedule above gives such a five-task instance. If it had an empty slot in every block of 32 slots, filling those slots with F would make A_(32) feasible. This counterexample does not settle the 5/6-density conjecture.

The project reports human-directed proof discovery and Lean formalization by OpenAI Codex using GPT-6 Astra. As of Oct. 5, 2026, recorded Lean builds and an independent kernel replay checked the formal development, and VibeMathed had reproduced the finite state counts. Independent specialist review of the full argument had not been reported (MathIsEvenEasier 2026, VibeMathed 2026).


See also

Periodic Sequence, Word

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References

Gąsieniec, L.; Smith, B.; and Wild, S. "Towards the 5/6-Density Conjecture of Pinwheel Scheduling." 2 Nov 2021. https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.01784.MathIsEvenEasier. "A Six-Task Counterexample to the Pinwheel Kernel Conjecture." 2026. https://github.com/MathIsEvenEasier/pinwheel-kernel-counterexample.VibeMathed. "The Pinwheel Kernel Conjecture: A Six-Task Counterexample." Oct. 1, 2026. https://vibemathed.com/problem/the-pinwheel-kernel-conjecture-a-six-task-counterexample.

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Pinwheel Scheduling." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PinwheelScheduling.html

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