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No-Three-in-a-Line Problem


For 2<=n<=32, it is possible to select 2n lattice points with x,y in [1,n] such that no three are in a straight line (where "straight line" means any line in the plane--not just a horizontal or vertical line). The number of distinct solutions (not counting reflections and rotations) for n=1, 2, ..., are 1, 1, 4, 5, 11, 22, 57, 51, 156 ... (OEIS A000769). For large n, it is conjectured that it is only possible to select at most (c+epsilon)n lattice points with no three collinear, where

c=1/3pisqrt(3)
(1)
 approx 1.813799...
(2)

(OEIS A093602; Guy, pers. comm., Oct. 22, 2004), correcting Guy and Kelly (1968) and Guy (1994, p. 242) who found c=(2pi^2/3)^(1/3) approx 1.87.

NoThreeInALine

Selected configurations are illustrated above. Some large known no-three-in-a-line configurations are summarized in the following table. The entries through n=70 are listed by Flammenkamp.

nrotation classdiscoverer
52rot4Flammenkamp
65rct4Heule (Jun. 18, 2026)
67rct4Heule (Jun. 21, 2026)
68rot4Prellberg (Mar. 23, 2026)
69rct4Heule (Jun. 21, 2026)
70rot4Heule (Jun. 17, 2026)
72rot4Heule (Jun. 25, 2026)

Here, rot4 denotes quarter-turn rotational symmetry and rct4 denotes quarter-turn symmetry except on the long diagonals. (The full symmetry is either half-turn rotational symmetry or both diagonal reflections.) Heule's solutions were found using a Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solver. The n=65, 67, and 69 discoveries fill the remaining gaps up to n=70, so configurations with 2n points are known for every n×n grid with n<=70. Heule's n=72 configuration is the largest currently known. Flammenkamp's page illustrates the n=70 configuration and many additional configurations and counts.

Pegg (2026) gives a Wolfram Language notebook for checking configurations by searching for extraordinary lines, i.e., lines containing at least three selected points, and reports Prellberg's enumeration of 118057 solutions for n=20.

A minimum variant asks for the smallest no-three-in-a-line subset of an n×n grid that is maximal, i.e., such that adding one more counter on any vacant grid point produces three in a line. The corresponding numbers for n=1, 2, ... begin 1, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 10, 10, ... (OEIS A277433; Aichholzer et al. 2023). Aichholzer et al. (2023) study this problem as a general-position version of the geometric dominating set problem. Pegg's June 2026 post gives additional examples and computations for this minimum variant.


See also

Integer Lattice, N-Cluster, Tic-Tac-Toe

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References

Adena, M. A.; Holton, D. A.; and Kelly, P. A. "Some Thoughts on the No-Three-In-Line Problem." In Combinatorial Mathematics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Combinatorial Theory, Canberra, August 16-27, 1977, pp. 6-17, 1974.Aichholzer, O.; Eppstein, D.; and Hainzl, E.-M. "Geometric Dominating Sets." Comput. Geom. Theory Appl. 108, 101913, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comgeo.2022.101913.Flammenkamp, A. "Progress in the No-Three-In-Line Problem." J. Combin. Th. Ser. A 60, 305-311, 1992.Flammenkamp, A. "Progress in the No-Three-In-Line Problem. II." J. Combin. Th. Ser. A 81, 108-113, 1998.Flammenkamp, A. "The No-Three-in-Line Problem." https://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/achim/no3in/readme.html.Gardner, M. Penrose Tiles and Trapdoor Ciphers... and the Return of Dr. Matrix, reissue ed. New York: W. H. Freeman, p. 69, 1989.Guy, R. K. "Unsolved Combinatorial Problems." In Combinatorial Mathematics and Its Applications: Proceedings of a conference held at the Mathematical Institute, Oxford, from 7-10 July, 1969 (Ed. D. J. A. Welsh). New York: Academic Press, pp. 121-127, 1971.Guy, R. K. "The No-Three-in-a-Line Problem." §F4 in Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 240-244, 1994.Guy, R. K. and Kelly, P. A. "The No-Three-in-Line-Problem." Canad. Math. Bull. 11, 527-531, 1968.Guy, R. K. and Kelly, P. A. "The No-Three-Line Problem." Research Paper 33, Department of Mathematics, Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Jan. 1968.Pegg, E. Jr. "Math Games: Chessboard Tasks." Apr. 11, 2005. https://www.mathpuzzle.com/MAA/36-Chessboard%20Tasks/mathgames_04_11_05.html.Pegg, E. Jr. "Progress in the No-Three-in-Line Problem." Wolfram Community, May 11, 2026. https://community.wolfram.com/groups/-/m/t/3714366.Pegg, E. Jr. "The Min and Max of the No-3-in-Line Problem." Wolfram Community, Jun. 27, 2026. https://community.wolfram.com/groups/-/m/t/3744267.Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A000769/M3252, A093602, and A277433 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "No-Three-in-a-Line Problem." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/No-Three-in-a-LineProblem.html

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