The law of cosines, also called Carnot's theorem in Italian usage (University of Bologna), states that if 
,
, and 
are the lengths of the sides
of a triangle opposite angles 
, 
, and 
, then
 |  |  |
(1)
|
 |  |  |
(2)
|
 |  |  |
(3)
|
Solving for the cosines yields the equivalent formulas
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(4)
|
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(5)
|
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(6)
|
This law can be derived in a number of ways. The definition of the dot product incorporates the law of cosines, so that the length
of the vector from 
to 
is given by
 |  |  |
(7)
|
 |  |  |
(8)
|
 |  |  |
(9)
|
where 
is the angle between 
and 
.
The corresponding relation for a triangle in the hyperbolic plane is the hyperbolic
law of cosines. For curvature 
, the Euclidean law above is recovered as 
, when the curvature
approaches zero from below. Equivalently, the Euclidean
formula approximates the hyperbolic formula when the side lengths are small compared with 
(Anderson 1999). Thus the hyperbolic formula is the counterpart
of the Euclidean law in hyperbolic geometry.
The formula can also be derived using a little geometry and simple algebra. From the above diagram,
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(10)
|
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(11)
|
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(12)
|
The law of cosines for the sides of a spherical triangle states that
 |  |  |
(13)
|
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(14)
|
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(15)
|
(Beyer 1987). The law of cosines for the angles of a spherical triangle states that
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(16)
|
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(17)
|
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(18)
|
(Beyer 1987).
For two similar triangles with corresponding side lengths 
, 
, 
and 
,
, 
, respectively, a generalized law of cosines is
 |
(19)
|
(Lee 1997), where 
is the angle opposite the sides 
and 
. Now consider an arbitrary tetrahedron 
with triangle faces 
, 
, 
, and 
. Let their areas
be 
, 
, 
, and 
, respectively, and let 
be the dihedral angle
between 
and 
for 
,
with 
.
Then
 |
(20)
|
and the associated law of cosines in a tetrahedron is
 |
(21)
|
(Lee 1997). For two similar tetrahedra with corresponding face areas 
and 
and common dihedral angles 
, the corresponding polarized
identity is
 |
(22)
|
