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Hofstadter Sequences


Hofstadter sequences include the following two sequences. Set b_1=1 and b_2=2. For n>=3, let b_n be the least integer >b_(n-1) which can be expressed as the sum of two or more consecutive already constructed terms. The resulting sequence is 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, ... (OEIS A005243). Starting from 2 and 3, take the smallest set closed under xy-1 for distinct members x and y, and list its members in increasing order without repetition. The resulting sequence is 2, 3, 5, 9, 14, 17, 26, 27, ... (OEIS A005244).

Another family, containing the Hofstadter G-sequence and Hofstadter H-sequence, is defined for k>=1 by F_k(0)=0 and F_k(n)=n-F_k^( degreesk)(n-1) for n>=1. Here F_2=G and F_3=H, and the superscript denotes k-fold iteration rather than exponentiation. Letouzey (2026) proved F_k(n)<F_(k+1)(n) whenever n>(k+1)(k+6)/2. The proofs of this strict-ordering result and the non-strict inequality for all n>=0 are formalized in Rocq.


See also

Hofstadter-Conway $10,000 Sequence, Hofstadter's Q-Sequence, Sum-Free Set

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References

Guy, R. K. "Three Sequences of Hofstadter." §E31 in Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 231-232, 1994.Letouzey, P. "Re-Ordering the Generalized Hofstadter Functions G, H, and Beyond." 26 Oct 2026. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.35994.Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A005243/M0623 and A005244/M0704 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."

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Hofstadter Sequences

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Hofstadter Sequences." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/HofstadterSequences.html

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