TOPICS
Search

Georges Graph


GeorgesGraph

The Georges graph, also called the Georges-Kelmans graph, is the 50-vertex nonhamiltonian cyclically 4-connected bicubic graph illustrated above. The graph was originally constructed by Kel'mans (1988), though rediscovered independently by Georges (1989) as the smallest member of an infinite family of nonhamiltonian 3-connected bicubic graphs. Gropp (1990, 1993) subsequently stated that the two graphs are isomorphic, and Kel'mans (1994) later gave a fuller account of his construction. Grünbaum (2009, p. 317) regarded the identification as unjustified from the published accounts, but the direct reconstruction given below confirms the isomorphism. Brinkmann et al. (2022) adopted the combined name Georges-Kelmans graph, credited Kel'mans and Georges with independent discovery, and proved that the graph is the smallest 3-connected bicubic nonhamiltonian graph.

GeorgesGraphGruenbaum

The construction from two copies of a modification of the 18-Ellingham-Horton graph is illustrated above (Grünbaum 2006; Grünbaum 2009, pp. 310-311).

The Georges graph has girth 6 and is the Levi graph of the 25_3 Georges configuration, for which Grünbaum (2009, pp. 311-316) gave a geometric realization and Kocay (2010) subsequently gave a realization with exact rational coordinates.

GeorgesGraphKelmansOperations

Kel'mans's two basic operations are shown above, reproducing his Figures 1 and 2. Given a cubic bipartite graph A and two distinct edges a_1 and a_2, the operation O(A,(a_1,a_2)) replaces each selected edge by a three-edge path and attaches a pendant edge to each of the two new internal vertices. The result is a four-pole A^+ whose four poles have degree 1. The second operation deletes two specified edges x and y from the Petersen graph and replaces them by four-poles X^+ and Y^+, attached as shown, to form the bicubic graph P(X^+,Y^+).

Let H be the multigraph on two vertices with three parallel edges a, a_1, and a_2, and let H^+=O(H,(a_1,a_2)), with a designated the middle edge. Form M=P(H_x^+,H_y^+) from two copies of H^+ whose middle edges are denoted x and y, and then set M^+=O(M,(x,y)). Finally, form K=P(M_x^+,M_y^+), where M_x^+ and M_y^+ are two copies of M^+. This gives Kel'mans's 50-vertex graph K.

GeorgesGraphKelmansConstruction

The graph K is illustrated above, with the two copies of M^+ shown in blue and green and the six remaining vertices of the Petersen framework shown in orange. Direct computation shows that K is isomorphic to the Georges graph.

It is implemented in the Wolfram Language as GraphData["GeorgesGraph"].


See also

Bicubic Graph, Bicubic Nonhamiltonian Graph, Ellingham-Horton Graphs, Georges Configuration, Nonhamiltonian Graph

Explore with Wolfram|Alpha

References

Bondy, J. A. and Murty, U. S. R. Graph Theory. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 487-488, 2008.Brinkmann, G.; Goedgebeur, J.; and McKay, B. D. "The Minimality of the Georges-Kelmans Graph." Math. Comput. 91, 1483-1500, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1090/mcom/3701.Georges, J. P. "Non-Hamiltonian Bicubic Graphs." J. Combin. Th. B 46, 121-124, 1989.Gropp, H. "Configurations and the Tutte Conjecture." Ars Combin. 29A, 171-177, 1990.Gropp, H. "Configurations and Graphs." Disc. Math. 111, 269-276, 1993.Grünbaum, B. "3-Connected Configurations (n_3) with No Hamiltonian Circuit." Bull. Inst. Combin. Appl. 46, 15-26, 2006.Grünbaum, B. Configurations of Points and Lines. Providence, RI: Amer. Math. Soc., pp. 310-317, 2009.House of Graphs. "Georges Graph." https://houseofgraphs.org/graphs/1096.Kel'mans, A. K. "Cubic Bipartite Cyclic 4-Connected Graphs without Hamiltonian Circuits." Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 43, 181-182, 1988. English transl. in Russian Math. Surveys 43, 205-206, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1070/RM1988v043n03ABEH001738.Kelmans, A. K. "Constructions of Cubic Bipartite 3-Connected Graphs without Hamiltonian Cycles." Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. Ser. 2 158, 127-140, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1090/trans2/158/12.

Referenced on Wolfram|Alpha

Georges Graph

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Georges Graph." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/GeorgesGraph.html

Subject classifications