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Flow Polytope


A flow polytope of a finite directed acyclic graph G=(V,E) and net-flow vector a in R^V is the convex polytope of nonnegative network flows having excess outflow a_v at each graph vertex v:

 F_G(a)={x in R_(>=0)^E:sum_((v,w) in E)x_(vw)-sum_((u,v) in E)x_(uv)=a_v for every v in V}.

Nonemptiness requires sum_(v in V)a_v=0. Acyclicity ensures boundedness when the set is nonempty. For a directed graph with a directed graph cycle, the corresponding nonnegative flow set can instead be unbounded. For the directed graph with graph edges (1,2), (2,3), and (1,3) and net flow (1,0,-1), the flow polytope is the line segment given by x_(12)=x_(23)=t and x_(13)=1-t for 0<=t<=1.

For n>=3, the zigzag directed graph on 1, 2, ..., n has graph edges (i,i+1) and (i,i+2) whenever their endpoints lie in that range. Its unit-flow polytope, with net flow (1,0,...,0,-1), is integrally equivalent to the order polytope of the alternating partially ordered set on n-2 elements with relations 1<2>3<4>... (Brunner and Hanusa 2026).

Brunner and Hanusa (2026, Theorem 5) study the integrally equivalent unit-flow polytope of a contracted zigzag directed graph. They show that the dual graph of its length-reverse-length triangulation embeds as a subgraph of an integer grid graph. Its dual has one graph vertex for each maximal simplex, with two vertices adjacent when the simplices share a codimension-one face. They also characterize adjacency using integer flows and conjecture that two proposed statistics recover its h^*-polynomial, the numerator in its Ehrhart polynomial generating function. For an integral flow polytope of dimension d with Ehrhart polynomial L(k), this numerator satisfies

 sum_(k>=0)L(k)z^k=(h^*(z))/((1-z)^(d+1)).

See also

Acyclic Digraph, Convex Polytope, Ehrhart Polynomial, Network Flow, Order Polytope, Triangulation

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References

Brunner, R. and Hanusa, C. R. H. "A Triangulation of the Flow Polytope of the Zigzag Graph." Elec. J. Combin. 33, P4.10, 2026. https://doi.org/10.37236/13162.

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Flow Polytope." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/FlowPolytope.html

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