A circular segment is a portion of a disk whose upper boundary is a (circular) arc and whose lower boundary is a chord
making a central angle 
radians (
), illustrated above as the shaded region. The entire
wedge-shaped area is known as a circular sector.
Circular segments are implemented in the Wolfram Language as DiskSegment[
x, y
, r, 
q1, q2
]. Elliptical segments are similarly implemented as DiskSegment[
x, y
, 
r1, r2
, 
q1, q2
].
Let 
be the radius of the circle, 
the chord length, 
the arc length, 
the height of the arced portion, and 
the height of the triangular portion. Then the radius is
 |
(1)
|
the arc length is
 |
(2)
|
the height 
is
 |  |  |
(3)
|
 |  |  |
(4)
|
 |  |  |
(5)
|
and the length of the chord is
 |  |  |
(6)
|
 |  |  |
(7)
|
 |  |  |
(8)
|
 |  |  |
(9)
|
From elementary trigonometry, the angle 
obeys the relationships
 |  |  |
(10)
|
 |  |  |
(11)
|
 |  |  |
(12)
|
 |  |  |
(13)
|
The area 
of the (shaded) segment is then simply given by the area of
the circular sector (the entire wedge-shaped portion)
minus the area of the bottom triangular portion,
 |
(14)
|
Plugging in gives
 |  |  |
(15)
|
 |  |  |
(16)
|
 |  |  |
(17)
|
 |  |  |
(18)
|
where the formula for the isosceles triangle in terms of the polygon vertex angle has been used (Beyer 1987). These formula find application in the common case of determining the volume of fluid in a cylindrical segment (i.e., horizontal cylindrical tank) based on the height of the fluid in the tank.
The area can also be found directly by integration as
 |
(19)
|
It follows that the weighted mean of 
is
 |  |  |
(20)
|
 |  |  |
(21)
|
so the geometric centroid of the circular segment is
 |
(22)
|
Checking shows that this obeys the proper limits 
for a semicircle
(
)
and 
for a point mass at the top of the segment (
).
Finding the value of 
such that the circular segment (left figure) has area equal to 1/4 of the circle
(right figure) is sometimes known as the quarter-tank
problem.
Approximate formulas for the arc length and area are
 |
(23)
|
accurate to within 0.3% for 
, and
 |
(24)
|
accurate to within 0.1% for 
and 0.8% for 
(Harris and Stocker 1998).
