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Every smooth manifold M has a tangent bundle TM, which consists of the tangent space TM_p at all points p in M. Since a tangent space TM_p is the set of all tangent vectors ...

A fundamental result of de Rham cohomology is that the kth de Rham cohomology vector space of a manifold M is canonically isomorphic to the Alexander-Spanier cohomology ...

A symplectic form on a smooth manifold M is a smooth closed 2-form omega on M which is nondegenerate such that at every point m, the alternating bilinear form omega_m on the ...

A functional is a real-valued function on a vector space V, usually of functions. For example, the energy functional on the unit disk D assigns a number to any differentiable ...

A projection matrix P is an n×n square matrix that gives a vector space projection from R^n to a subspace W. The columns of P are the projections of the standard basis ...

A normed vector space X=(X,||·||_X) is said to be uniformly convex if for sequences {x_n}={x_n}_(n=1)^infty, {y_n}={y_n}_(n=1)^infty, the assumptions ||x_n||_X<=1, ...

A subset {v_1,...,v_k} of a vector space V, with the inner product <,>, is called orthogonal if <v_i,v_j>=0 when i!=j. That is, the vectors are mutually perpendicular. Note ...

The nullity of a linear transformation f:V->W of vector spaces is the dimension of its null space. The nullity and the map rank add up to the dimension of V, a result ...

A linear functional defined on a subspace of a vector space V and which is dominated by a sublinear function defined on V has a linear extension which is also dominated by ...

A transformation consisting of a constant offset with no rotation or distortion. In n-dimensional Euclidean space, a translation may be specified simply as a vector giving ...