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A universal cellular automaton is a cellular automaton which, like a Turing machine, exhibits universality. von Neumann proved that an automaton consisting of cells with four ...

A Turing machine which, by appropriate programming using a finite length of input tape, can act as any Turing machine whatsoever. In his seminal paper, Turing himself gave ...

Just as the ratio of the arc length of a semicircle to its radius is always pi, the ratio P of the arc length of the parabolic segment formed by the latus rectum of any ...

Let h:{0,1}^(l(n))×{0,1}^n->{0,1}^(m(n)) be efficiently computable by an algorithm (solving a P-problem). For fixed y in {0,1}^(l(n)), view h(x,y) as a function h_y(x) of x ...

Universality is the property of being able to perform different tasks with the same underlying construction just by being programmed in a different way. Universal systems are ...

If a proposition P is true for all B, this is written P forall B. forall is one of the two so-called quantifiers, and translates the universal quantifier forall . The Wolfram ...

Deck transformations, also called covering transformations, are defined for any cover p:A->X. They act on A by homeomorphisms which preserve the projection p. Deck ...

A catastrophe which can occur for three control factors and two behavior axes. The hyperbolic umbilic is the universal unfolding of the function germ f(x,y)=x^3+y^3. The ...

One of the operations exists exists (called the existential quantifier) or for all forall (called the universal quantifier, or sometimes, the general quantifier). However, ...

Let A and B be two algebras over the same signature Sigma, with carriers A and B, respectively (cf. universal algebra). B is a subalgebra of A if B subset= A and every ...