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A procedure for decomposing an N×N matrix A into a product of a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U, LU=A. (1) LU decomposition is implemented in the ...

The unique magic square of order three. The Lo Shu is an associative magic square, but not a panmagic square.

The study of number fields by embedding them in a local field is called local class field theory. Information about an equation in a local field may give information about ...

Call a graph vertex m(a,b,c) a median of a graph G if it lies on all shortest paths between each pair of vertices (a,b), (b,a), and (c,a) in G. A median graph is then defined ...

The mode of a set of observations is the most commonly occurring value. For example, for a data set (3, 7, 3, 9, 9, 3, 5, 1, 8, 5) (left histogram), the unique mode is 3. ...

Model theory is a general theory of interpretations of axiomatic set theory. It is the branch of logic studying mathematical structures by considering first-order sentences ...

The group Gamma of all Möbius transformations of the form tau^'=(atau+b)/(ctau+d), (1) where a, b, c, and d are integers with ad-bc=1. The group can be represented by the 2×2 ...

The unique 8_3 configuration. It is transitive and self-dual, but cannot be realized in the real projective plane. Its Levi graph is the Möbius-Kantor graph.

Given an m×n matrix B, the Moore-Penrose generalized matrix inverse is a unique n×m matrix pseudoinverse B^+. This matrix was independently defined by Moore in 1920 and ...

In a set X equipped with a binary operation · called a product, the multiplicative identity is an element e such that e·x=x·e=x for all x in X. It can be, for example, the ...