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A real-valued univariate function f=f(x) has a jump discontinuity at a point x_0 in its domain provided that lim_(x->x_0-)f(x)=L_1<infty (1) and lim_(x->x_0+)f(x)=L_2<infty ...

The omega constant is defined as W(1)=0.5671432904... (1) (OEIS A030178), where W(x) is the Lambert W-function. It is available in the Wolfram Language using the function ...

An outlier is an observation that lies outside the overall pattern of a distribution (Moore and McCabe 1999). Usually, the presence of an outlier indicates some sort of ...

Twenty golfers wish to play in foursomes for 5 days. Is it possible for each golfer to play no more than once with any other golfer? The answer is yes, and the following ...

A problem is NP-hard if an algorithm for solving it can be translated into one for solving any NP-problem (nondeterministic polynomial time) problem. NP-hard therefore means ...

An algorithm for multiplying two 32-bit integers modulo a 32-bit constant without using any intermediates larger than 32 bits. It is also useful in certain types of random ...

A statistic which assigns a single number to several individual statistics in order to quantify trends. The best-known index in the United States is the consumer price index, ...

In functional analysis, the Lax-Milgram theorem is a sort of representation theorem for bounded linear functionals on a Hilbert space H. The result is of tantamount ...

A divisor d of n for which GCD(d,n/d)=1, (1) where GCD(m,n) is the greatest common divisor. For example, the divisors of 12 are {1,2,3,4,6,12}, so the unitary divisors are ...

Successive application of Archimedes' recurrence formula gives the Archimedes algorithm, which can be used to provide successive approximations to pi (pi). The algorithm is ...