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The second part of Pollard rho factorization method concerns detection of the fact that a sequence has become periodic. Pollard's original suggestion was to use the idea ...

A minimal surface given by the parametric equations x(u,v) = u-sinucoshv (1) y(u,v) = 1-cosucoshv (2) z(u,v) = 4sin(1/2u)sinh(1/2v) (3) (Gray 1997), or x(r,phi) = ...

There are at least two theorems known as Chebyshev's theorem. The first is Bertrand's postulate, proposed by Bertrand in 1845 and proved by Chebyshev using elementary methods ...

If r is the inradius of a circle inscribed in a right triangle with sides a and b and hypotenuse c, then r=1/2(a+b-c). (1) A Sangaku problem dated 1803 from the Gumma ...

In voting theory, a Condorcet candidate is a candidate who always wins in a 2-person election but loses in larger election. For example, consider the 6-tuples of 6-sided die ...

The term "continuum" has (at least) two distinct technical meanings in mathematics. The first is a compact connected metric space (Kuratowski 1968; Lewis 1983, pp. 361-394; ...

There are a number of graphs associated with J. H. Conway. The first is the unique rank-3 strongly regular graph with parameters (nu,k,lambda,mu)=(1408,567,246,216) with ...

The corkscrew surface, sometimes also called the twisted sphere (Gray 1997, p. 477), is a surface obtained by extending a sphere along a diameter and then twisting. It can be ...

The cornoid is the curve illustrated above given by the parametric equations x = acost(1-2sin^2t) (1) y = asint(1+2cos^2t), (2) where a>0. It is a sextic algebraic curve with ...

The polar curve r=1+2cos(2theta) (1) that can be used for angle trisection. It was devised by Ceva in 1699, who termed it the cycloidum anomalarum (Loomis 1968, p. 29). It ...