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Let F be a differential field with constant field K. For f in F, suppose that the equation g^'=f (i.e., g=intf) has a solution g in G, where G is an elementary extension of F ...

A method for constructing magic squares of odd order.

The sum of sets A and B in a vector space, equal to {a+b:a in A,b in B}.

An ideal I of a partial order P is a subset of the elements of P which satisfy the property that if y in I and x<y, then x in I. For k disjoint chains in which the ith chain ...

Let m and m+h be two consecutive critical indices of f and let F be (m+h)-normal. If the polynomials p^~_k^((n)) are defined by p^~_0^((n))(u) = 1 (1) p^~_(k+1)^((n))(u) = ...

Stochastic optimization refers to the minimization (or maximization) of a function in the presence of randomness in the optimization process. The randomness may be present as ...

A function f:{0,1}^(l(n))×{0,1}^n->{0,1}^(m(n)) is a trapdoor one-way hash function if f is a trapdoor one-way function and is also a one-way hash function, i.e., if, ...

An infinite sequence of positive integers a_i satisfying 1<=a_1<a_2<a_3<... (1) is an A-sequence if no a_k is the sum of two or more distinct earlier terms (Guy 1994). Such ...

Differential evolution is a stochastic parallel direct search evolution strategy optimization method that is fairly fast and reasonably robust. Differential evolution is ...

The term Euclidean refers to everything that can historically or logically be referred to Euclid's monumental treatise The Thirteen Books of the Elements, written around the ...