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A function y=f(x) has critical points at all points x_0 where f^'(x_0)=0 or f(x) is not differentiable. A function z=f(x,y) has critical points where the gradient del f=0 or ...

If an infinite number of points in the plane are all separated by integer distances, then all the points lie on a straight line.

A generalized Fourier series is a series expansion of a function based on the special properties of a complete orthogonal system of functions. The prototypical example of ...

The Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind are a set of orthogonal polynomials defined as the solutions to the Chebyshev differential equation and denoted T_n(x). They are ...

Define the packing density eta of a packing of spheres to be the fraction of a volume filled by the spheres. In three dimensions, there are three periodic packings for ...

A definite integral is an integral int_a^bf(x)dx (1) with upper and lower limits. If x is restricted to lie on the real line, the definite integral is known as a Riemann ...

Let {f_n} and {a_n} be sequences with f_n>=f_(n+1)>0 for n=1, 2, ..., then |sum_(n=1)^ma_nf_n|<=Af_1, where A=max{|a_1|,|a_1+a_2|,...,|a_1+a_2+...+a_m|}.

In the American system, 10^(303).

Given a quadratic form Q(x,y)=x^2+y^2, (1) then Q(x,y)Q(x^',y^')=Q(xx^'-yy^',x^'y+xy^'), (2) since (x^2+y^2)(x^('2)+y^('2)) = (xx^'-yy^')^2+(xy^'+x^'y)^2 (3) = ...

A one-dimensional geometric object such as a pencil or line segment range.