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The robustness of a given outcome to small changes in initial conditions or small random fluctuations. Chaos is an example of a process which is not stable.

The z-score associated with the ith observation of a random variable x is given by z_i=(x_i-x^_)/sigma, where x^_ is the mean and sigma the standard deviation of all ...

Stochastic is synonymous with "random." The word is of Greek origin and means "pertaining to chance" (Parzen 1962, p. 7). It is used to indicate that a particular subject is ...

Given a regular tetrahedron of unit volume, the mean triangle area of a triangle picked at random inside it is approximately A=0.1811+/-0.0012, and the variance is ...

A Markov chain is collection of random variables {X_t} (where the index t runs through 0, 1, ...) having the property that, given the present, the future is conditionally ...

Sphere line picking is the selection of pairs of points corresponding to vertices of a line segment with endpoints on the surface of a sphere. n random line segments can be ...

Let M be the midpoint of the arc AMB. Pick C at random and pick D such that MD_|_AC (where _|_ denotes perpendicular). Then AD=DC+BC.

Code 177 is a totalistic cellular automaton that yields patterns with seemingly random features. The rules and 300 steps of this automaton are illustrated above.

Code 2040 is a totalistic cellular automaton that yields patterns with seemingly random features. The rules and 300 steps of this automaton are illustrated above.

Code 912 is a totalistic cellular automaton that yields patterns with seemingly random features. The rules and 300 steps of this automaton are illustrated above.