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The objective of global optimization is to find the globally best solution of (possibly nonlinear) models, in the (possible or known) presence of multiple local optima. ...

In August 2002, M. Agrawal and colleagues announced a deterministic algorithm for determining if a number is prime that runs in polynomial time (Agrawal et al. 2004). While ...

A general n-gonal antiprism is a polyhedron consisting of identical top and bottom n-gonal faces whose periphery is bounded by a band of 2n triangles with alternating up-down ...

Apéry's constant is defined by zeta(3)=1.2020569..., (1) (OEIS A002117) where zeta(z) is the Riemann zeta function. B. Haible and T. Papanikolaou computed zeta(3) to 1000000 ...

The Boy surface is a nonorientable surface that is one possible parametrization of the surface obtained by sewing a Möbius strip to the edge of a disk. Two other ...

The bull graph is a simple graph on 5 nodes and 5 edges whose name derives from its resemblance to a schematic illustration of a bull or ram (whose face is the triangle and ...

Complex analysis is the study of complex numbers together with their derivatives, manipulation, and other properties. Complex analysis is an extremely powerful tool with an ...

The convex hull of a set of points S in n dimensions is the intersection of all convex sets containing S. For N points p_1, ..., p_N, the convex hull C is then given by the ...

The cosine function cosx is one of the basic functions encountered in trigonometry (the others being the cosecant, cotangent, secant, sine, and tangent). Let theta be an ...

The cotangent function cotz is the function defined by cotz = 1/(tanz) (1) = (i(e^(iz)+e^(-iz)))/(e^(iz)-e^(-iz)) (2) = (i(e^(2iz)+1))/(e^(2iz)-1), (3) where tanz is the ...