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A p-system of a set S is a sequence of subsets A_1, A_2, ..., A_p of S, among which some may be empty or coinciding with each other.

Logic is the formal mathematical study of the methods, structure, and validity of mathematical deduction and proof. According to Wolfram (2002, p. 860), logic is the most ...

Conditions at an initial time t=t_0 from which a given set of mathematical equations or physical system evolves. A system with initial conditions specified is known as an ...

A q-analog, also called a q-extension or q-generalization, is a mathematical expression parameterized by a quantity q that generalizes a known expression and reduces to the ...

Spherical coordinates, also called spherical polar coordinates (Walton 1967, Arfken 1985), are a system of curvilinear coordinates that are natural for describing positions ...

A plane coordinate system whose axes are not perpendicular. The x-coordinate of a point P is the abscissa of its projection onto the x-axis in the direction of the y-axis, ...

A quantified system of real algebraic equations and inequalities in variables {x_1,...,x_n} is an expression QS=Q_1(y_1)Q_2(y_2)...Q_m(y_m)S(x_1,...,x_n;y_1,...,y_m), where Q ...

The circumcircle, Brocard circle, Lemoine axis, and isodynamic points belong to a coaxal system orthogonal to the Apollonius circles, called the Schoute coaxal system. In ...

Let a particle travel a distance s(t) as a function of time t (here, s can be thought of as the arc length of the curve traced out by the particle). The speed (the scalar ...

The idea of a velocity vector comes from classical physics. By representing the position and motion of a single particle using vectors, the equations for motion are simpler ...