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Abstractly, a spatial configuration F is said to possess rotational symmetry if F remains invariant under the group C=C(F). Here, C(F) denotes the group of rotations of F and ...

In his last letter to Hardy, Ramanujan defined 17 Jacobi theta function-like functions F(q) with |q|<1 which he called "mock theta functions" (Watson 1936ab, Ramanujan 1988, ...

A polynomial is a mathematical expression involving a sum of powers in one or more variables multiplied by coefficients. A polynomial in one variable (i.e., a univariate ...

A group or other algebraic object is said to be Abelian (sometimes written in lower case, i.e., "abelian") if the law of commutativity always holds. The term is named after ...

Nonstandard analysis is a branch of mathematical logic which introduces hyperreal numbers to allow for the existence of "genuine infinitesimals," which are numbers that are ...

If a is an arbitrary integer relatively prime to n and g is a primitive root of n, then there exists among the numbers 0, 1, 2, ..., phi(n)-1, where phi(n) is the totient ...

A permutation group is a finite group G whose elements are permutations of a given set and whose group operation is composition of permutations in G. Permutation groups have ...

Let n be an integer variable which tends to infinity and let x be a continuous variable tending to some limit. Also, let phi(n) or phi(x) be a positive function and f(n) or ...

The term diamond is another word for a rhombus. The term is also used to denote a square tilted at a 45 degrees angle. The diamond shape is a special case of the superellipse ...

Let (L,<=) be any complete lattice. Suppose f:L->L is monotone increasing (or isotone), i.e., for all x,y in L, x<=y implies f(x)<=f(y). Then the set of all fixed points of f ...