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If A and B are commutative unit rings, and A is a subring of B, then A is called integrally closed in B if every element of B which is integral over A belongs to A; in other ...

The process of computing or obtaining an integral. A more archaic term for integration is quadrature.

The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of elements common to A and B. This is written A intersection B, and is pronounced "A intersection B" or "A cap B." The ...

The notion of an inverse is used for many types of mathematical constructions. For example, if f:T->S is a function restricted to a domain S and range T in which it is ...

The term "isomorphic" means "having the same form" and is used in many branches of mathematics to identify mathematical objects which have the same structural properties. ...

Some elements of a group G acting on a space X may fix a point x. These group elements form a subgroup called the isotropy group, defined by G_x={g in G:gx=x}. For example, ...

The Janko-Kharaghani-Tonchev graph is a strongly regular graph on 324 vertices and 24786 edges. It has regular parameters (nu,k,lambda,mu)=(324,153,72,72). It is implemented ...

The Janko groups are the four sporadic groups J_1, J_2, J_3 and J_4. The Janko group J_2 is also known as the Hall-Janko group. The Janko groups are implemented in the ...

Let M be a bounded set in the plane, i.e., M is contained entirely within a rectangle. The outer Jordan measure of M is the greatest lower bound of the areas of the coverings ...

If mu is a real measure (i.e., a measure that takes on real values), then one can decompose it according to where it is positive and negative. The positive variation is ...