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In voting theory, a Condorcet candidate is a candidate who always wins in a 2-person election but loses in larger election. For example, consider the 6-tuples of 6-sided die ...

The Conway polynomial del _L(x), sometimes known as the Conway-Alexander polynomial, is a modified version of the Alexander polynomial Delta_L(x) that was formulated by J. H. ...

The categorical notion which is dual to product. The coproduct of a family {X_i}_(i in I) of objects of a category is an object C=coproduct_(i in I)X_i, together with a ...

A chord of a graph cycle C is an edge not in the edge set of C whose endpoints lie in the vertex set C (West 2000, p. 225). For example, in the diamond graph as labeled ...

The cycle double cover conjecture states that every bridgeless graph has a collection of cycles which together contain every edge exactly twice. This conjecture remains open, ...

C_3 is the unique group of group order 3. It is both Abelian and cyclic. Examples include the point groups C_3, C_(3v), and C_(3h) and the integers under addition modulo 3 ...

A sophisticated checksum (often abbreviated CRC), which is based on the algebra of polynomials over the integers (mod 2). It is substantially more reliable in detecting ...

A diagonal matrix D=diag(d_1,...,d_n) sometimes also called the valency matrix corresponding to a graph that has the vertex degree of d_i in the ith position (Skiena 1990, p. ...

Differential entropy differs from normal or absolute entropy in that the random variable need not be discrete. Given a continuous random variable X with a probability density ...

A local sink is a node of a directed graph with no exiting edges, also called a terminal (Borowski and Borwein 1991, p. 401; left figure). A global sink (often simply called ...