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An equivalence class is defined as a subset of the form {x in X:xRa}, where a is an element of X and the notation "xRy" is used to mean that there is an equivalence relation ...

Every finite simple group (that is not cyclic) has even group order, and the group order of every finite simple noncommutative group is doubly even, i.e., divisible by 4 ...

A cycle of a finite group G is a minimal set of elements {A^0,A^1,...,A^n} such that A^0=A^n=I, where I is the identity element. A diagram of a group showing every cycle in ...

A connected labeled graph with n graph edges in which all graph vertices can be labeled with distinct integers (mod n) so that the sums of the pairs of numbers at the ends of ...

The extension of a, an ideal in commutative ring A, in a ring B, is the ideal generated by its image f(a) under a ring homomorphism f. Explicitly, it is any finite sum of the ...

The log-likelihood function F(theta) is defined to be the natural logarithm of the likelihood function L(theta). More precisely, F(theta)=lnL(theta), and so in particular, ...

An oriented graph is a directed graph having no symmetric pair of directed edges. A complete oriented graph is called a tournament. The numbers of oriented graphs on n=1, 2, ...

A relation "<=" is a partial order on a set S if it has: 1. Reflexivity: a<=a for all a in S. 2. Antisymmetry: a<=b and b<=a implies a=b. 3. Transitivity: a<=b and b<=c ...

A pretzel graph is a graph with graph genus 3 (West 2000, p. 266). Planar, toroidal graphs, and double-toroidal graphs are therefore not pretzel. Examples of pretzel graphs ...

A commutative Noetherian unit ring having only finitely many maximal ideals. A ring having the same properties except Noetherianity is called quasilocal. If K is a field, the ...