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A one-person game played on a rectangular lattice of lamps which can be turned on and off. A move consists of flipping a "switch" inside one of the squares, thereby toggling ...

The term metric signature refers to the signature of a metric tensor g=g_(ij) on a smooth manifold M, a tool which quantifies the numbers of positive, zero, and negative ...

A set of integers that give the orders of the blocks in a Jordan canonical form, with those integers corresponding to submatrices containing the same latent root bracketed ...

Let A_r=a_(ij) be a sequence of N symmetric matrices of increasing order with i,j=1, 2, ..., r and r=1, 2, ..., N. Let lambda_k(A_r) be the kth eigenvalue of A_r for k=1, 2, ...

Covariance provides a measure of the strength of the correlation between two or more sets of random variates. The covariance for two random variates X and Y, each with sample ...

A shortest path between two graph vertices (u,v) of a graph (Skiena 1990, p. 225). There may be more than one different shortest paths, all of the same length. Graph ...

A subset {v_1,...,v_k} of a vector space V, with the inner product <,>, is called orthonormal if <v_i,v_j>=0 when i!=j. That is, the vectors are mutually perpendicular. ...

Differential entropy differs from normal or absolute entropy in that the random variable need not be discrete. Given a continuous random variable X with a probability density ...

A Hermitian form on a vector space V over the complex field C is a function f:V×V->C such that for all u,v,w in V and all a,b in R, 1. f(au+bv,w)=af(u,w)+bf(v,w). 2. ...

An orthogonal transformation is a linear transformation T:V->V which preserves a symmetric inner product. In particular, an orthogonal transformation (technically, an ...