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A curve whose name means skull-like. It is given by the polar equation r=asint+bsqrt(1-pcos^2t)+csqrt(1-qcos^2t), where a,b,c>0, a<b+c, 0<p<1, 0<q<1, and p!=q. The top of the ...

Given an antisymmetric second tensor rank tensor C_(ij), a dual pseudotensor C_i is defined by C_i=1/2epsilon_(ijk)C_(jk), (1) where C_i = [C_(23); C_(31); C_(12)] (2) C_(jk) ...

An epsilon-delta definition is a mathematical definition in which a statement on a real function of one variable f having, for example, the form "for all neighborhoods U of ...

A proof of a formula on limits based on the epsilon-delta definition. An example is the following proof that every linear function f(x)=ax+b (a,b in R,a!=0) is continuous at ...

A one-dimensional map whose increments are distributed according to a normal distribution. Let y(t-Deltat) and y(t+Deltat) be values, then their correlation is given by the ...

The group direct sum of a sequence {G_n}_(n=0)^infty of groups G_n is the set of all sequences {g_n}_(n=0)^infty, where each g_n is an element of G_n, and g_n is equal to the ...

Lagrange multipliers, also called Lagrangian multipliers (e.g., Arfken 1985, p. 945), can be used to find the extrema of a multivariate function f(x_1,x_2,...,x_n) subject to ...

The n functions f_1(x), f_2(x), ..., f_n(x) are linearly dependent if, for some c_1, c_2, ..., c_n in R not all zero, sum_(i=1)^nc_if_i(x)=0 (1) for all x in some interval I. ...

A Lyapunov function is a scalar function V(y) defined on a region D that is continuous, positive definite, V(y)>0 for all y!=0), and has continuous first-order partial ...

Let g(x_1,...,x_n,y) be a function such that for any x_1, ..., x_n, there is at least one y such that g(x_1,...,x_n,y)=0. Then the mu-operator muy(g(x_1,...,x_n,y)=0) gives ...