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The qubit |psi>=a|0>+b|1> can be represented as a point (theta,phi) on a unit sphere called the Bloch sphere. Define the angles theta and phi by letting a=cos(theta/2) and ...

A Borel set is an element of a Borel sigma-algebra. Roughly speaking, Borel sets are the sets that can be constructed from open or closed sets by repeatedly taking countable ...

Letting Lk be the linking number of the two components of a ribbon, Tw be the twist, and Wr be the writhe, then Lk(K)=Tw(K)+Wr(K). (Adams 1994, p. 187).

A canonical labeling, also called a canonical form, of a graph G is a graph G^' which is isomorphic to G and which represents the whole isomorphism class of G (Piperno 2011). ...

A Cartesian product of any finite or infinite set I of copies of Z_2, equipped with the product topology derived from the discrete topology of Z_2. It is denoted Z_2^I. The ...

The parameters alpha, beta, gamma, and delta which, like the three Euler angles, provide a way to uniquely characterize the orientation of a solid body. These parameters ...

Let A be a commutative complex Banach algebra. A nonzero homomorphism from A onto the field of complex numbers is called a character. Every character is automatically ...

Each Cartan matrix determines a unique semisimple complex Lie algebra via the Chevalley-Serre, sometimes called simply the "Serre relations." That is, if (A_(ij)) is a k×k ...

A central circle is a circle with trilinear equation (lalpha+mbeta+ngamma)(aalpha+bbeta+cgamma)+k(abetagamma+bgammaalpha+calphabeta)=0 such that l:m:n is a triangle center ...

A set of orthogonal functions {phi_n(x)} is termed complete in the closed interval x in [a,b] if, for every piecewise continuous function f(x) in the interval, the minimum ...