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While many computations admit shortcuts that allow them to be performed more rapidly, others cannot be sped up. Computations that cannot be sped up by means of any shortcut ...

The quantum electrodynamical law which applies to spin-1/2 particles and is the relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation. In 3+1 dimensions (three space ...

An interior point method is a linear or nonlinear programming method (Forsgren et al. 2002) that achieves optimization by going through the middle of the solid defined by the ...

The five Mathieu groups M_(11), M_(12), M_(22), M_(23), and M_(24) were the first sporadic groups discovered, having been found in 1861 and 1873 by Mathieu. Frobenius showed ...

The trace of an n×n square matrix A is defined to be Tr(A)=sum_(i=1)^na_(ii), (1) i.e., the sum of the diagonal elements. The matrix trace is implemented in the Wolfram ...

Proportionally cutting circles are circles that intersect the sidelines of a reference triangle DeltaABC such that length of the chords that are cut off have lengths mua, ...

Quasi-Monte Carlo integration is a method of numerical integration that operates in the same way as Monte Carlo integration, but instead uses sequences of quasirandom numbers ...

Given a circle expressed in trilinear coordinates by a central circle is a circle such that l:m:n is a triangle center and k is a homogeneous function that is symmetric in ...

A wide variety of large numbers crop up in mathematics. Some are contrived, but some actually arise in proofs. Often, it is possible to prove existence theorems by deriving ...

A one-person game played on a rectangular lattice of lamps which can be turned on and off. A move consists of flipping a "switch" inside one of the squares, thereby toggling ...