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A prime factorization algorithm which can be implemented in a single-step or double-step form. In the single-step version, a prime factor p of a number n can be found if p-1 ...

A plane figure or solid compound consisting of multiple connected copies of a given base shape. For example, affixing n equal squares gives an n-polyomino, while affixing n ...

Polysticks, sometimes also known as polyedges, are polyforms obtained from the edges of a regular grid. Square polysticks are polyforms obtained from the edges of a regular ...

A mathematical problem, usually not requiring advanced mathematics, to which a solution is desired. Puzzles frequently require the rearrangement of existing pieces (e.g., 15 ...

Given a series of positive terms u_i and a sequence of positive constants {a_i}, use Kummer's test rho^'=lim_(n->infty)(a_n(u_n)/(u_(n+1))-a_(n+1)) (1) with a_n=n, giving ...

For any constructible function f, there exists a function P_f such that for all functions t, the following two statements are equivalent: 1. There exists an algorithm A such ...

The Randić index of a graph is defined as half the sum of the matrix elements of its Randić matrix. While the index was introduced to model the branching of the carbon-atom ...

The residue classes of a function f(x) mod n are all possible values of the residue f(x) (mod n). For example, the residue classes of x^2 (mod 6) are {0,1,3,4}, since 0^2=0 ...

A curvilinear polygon built up of circular arcs. The Reuleaux polygon is a generalization of the Reuleaux triangle and, for an odd number of sides, is a curve of constant ...

The vector space generated by the rows of a matrix viewed as vectors. The row space of a n×m matrix A with real entries is a subspace generated by n elements of R^m, hence ...