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A special case of Stokes' theorem in which F is a vector field and M is an oriented, compact embedded 2-manifold with boundary in R^3, and a generalization of Green's theorem ...

The inversion of a convolution equation, i.e., the solution for f of an equation of the form f*g=h+epsilon, given g and h, where epsilon is the noise and * denotes the ...

The divergence theorem, more commonly known especially in older literature as Gauss's theorem (e.g., Arfken 1985) and also known as the Gauss-Ostrogradsky theorem, is a ...

The elliptic logarithm is generalization of integrals of the form int_infty^x(dt)/(sqrt(t^2+at)), for a real, which can be expressed in terms of logarithmic and inverse ...

The "imaginary error function" erfi(z) is an entire function defined by erfi(z)=-ierf(iz), (1) where erf(z) is the erf function. It is implemented in the Wolfram Language as ...

A extension ring (or ring extension) of a ring R is any ring S of which R is a subring. For example, the field of rational numbers Q and the ring of Gaussian integers Z[i] ...

The Fourier cosine transform of a real function is the real part of the full complex Fourier transform, F_x^((c))[f(x)](k) = R[F_x[f(x)](k)] (1) = ...

The n×n square matrix F_n with entries given by F_(jk)=e^(2piijk/n)=omega^(jk) (1) for j,k=0, 1, 2, ..., n-1, where i is the imaginary number i=sqrt(-1), and normalized by ...

The Fourier sine transform is the imaginary part of the full complex Fourier transform, F_x^((s))[f(x)](k) = I[F_x[f(x)](k)] (1) = int_(-infty)^inftysin(2pikx)f(x)dx. (2) The ...

The full width at half maximum (FWHM) is a parameter commonly used to describe the width of a "bump" on a curve or function. It is given by the distance between points on the ...