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A number satisfying Fermat's little theorem (or some other primality test) for some nontrivial base. A probable prime which is shown to be composite is called a pseudoprime ...

Any ideal of a ring which is strictly smaller than the whole ring. For example, 2Z is a proper ideal of the ring of integers Z, since 1 not in 2Z. The ideal <X> of the ...

The Prosthaphaeresis formulas, also known as Simpson's formulas, are trigonometry formulas that convert a product of functions into a sum or difference. They are given by ...

The William Lowell Putnam Mathematics Competition is an annual mathematics contest open to North American college students administered by the Mathematical Association of ...

A random permutation is a permutation containing a fixed number n of a random selection from a given set of elements. There are two main algorithms for constructing random ...

A reference triangle is a triangle relative to which trilinear coordinates, exact trilinear coordinates, derived triangle, or other objects are defined in triangle geometry ...

For a set of n numbers or values of a discrete distribution x_i, ..., x_n, the root-mean-square (abbreviated "RMS" and sometimes called the quadratic mean), is the square ...

The root separation (or zero separation) of a polynomial P(x) with roots r_1, r_2, ... is defined by Delta(P)=min_(i!=j)|r_i-r_j|. There are lower bounds on how close two ...

The exponent of the largest power of 2 which divides a given number 2n. The values of the ruler function for n=1, 2, ..., are 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 4, 1, 2, ... (OEIS A001511).

A sample is a subset of a population that is obtained through some process, possibly random selection or selection based on a certain set of criteria, for the purposes of ...