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The use of permil (a.k.a. parts per thousand) is a way of expressing ratios in terms of whole numbers. Given a ratio or fraction, it is converted to a permil-age by ...

If two similar figures lie in the plane but do not have parallel sides (i.e., they are similar but not homothetic), there exists a center of similitude, also called a ...

The Icosian game, also called the Hamiltonian game (Ball and Coxeter 1987, p. 262), is the problem of finding a Hamiltonian cycle along the edges of an dodecahedron, i.e., a ...

The sign of a real number, also called sgn or signum, is -1 for a negative number (i.e., one with a minus sign "-"), 0 for the number zero, or +1 for a positive number (i.e., ...

An ultrametric is a metric which satisfies the following strengthened version of the triangle inequality, d(x,z)<=max(d(x,y),d(y,z)) for all x,y,z. At least two of d(x,y), ...

Newton's method, also called the Newton-Raphson method, is a root-finding algorithm that uses the first few terms of the Taylor series of a function f(x) in the vicinity of a ...

The anticomplementary circle is the circumcircle of the anticomplementary triangle. It has radius R_A=2R, where R is the circumradius of the reference triangle, and center at ...

The Atzema spiral, also known as the Pritch-Atzema spiral, is the curve whose catacaustic for a radiant point at the origin is a circle, as illustrated above. It has ...

If f(x,y) is an analytic function in a neighborhood of the point (x_0,y_0) (i.e., it can be expanded in a series of nonnegative integer powers of (x-x_0) and (y-y_0)), find a ...

A transformation of the plane which transforms collinear points into collinear points. A projective collineation transforms every one-dimensional form projectively, and a ...