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Pre-Algebra

A p-adic number is an extension of the field of rationals such that congruences modulo powers of a fixed prime p are related to proximity in the so called "p-adic metric." ...

Fermat's last theorem is a theorem first proposed by Fermat in the form of a note scribbled in the margin of his copy of the ancient Greek text Arithmetica by Diophantus. The ...

"Chaos" is a tricky thing to define. In fact, it is much easier to list properties that a system described as "chaotic" has rather than to give a precise definition of chaos. ...

The decimal expansion of a number is its representation in base-10 (i.e., in the decimal system). In this system, each "decimal place" consists of a digit 0-9 arranged such ...

If p is a prime number and a is a natural number, then a^p=a (mod p). (1) Furthermore, if pa (p does not divide a), then there exists some smallest exponent d such that ...

The (upper) vertex independence number of a graph, often called simply "the" independence number, is the cardinality of the largest independent vertex set, i.e., the size of ...

A product involving an infinite number of terms. Such products can converge. In fact, for positive a_n, the product product_(n=1)^(infty)a_n converges to a nonzero number iff ...

Let x be a real number, and let R be the set of positive real numbers mu for which 0<|x-p/q|<1/(q^mu) (1) has (at most) finitely many solutions p/q for p and q integers. Then ...

The Legendre polynomials, sometimes called Legendre functions of the first kind, Legendre coefficients, or zonal harmonics (Whittaker and Watson 1990, p. 302), are solutions ...