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Roman (1984, p. 2) describes umbral calculus as the study of the class of Sheffer sequences. Umbral calculus provides a formalism for the systematic derivation and ...

Machin-like formulas have the form mcot^(-1)u+ncot^(-1)v=1/4kpi, (1) where u, v, and k are positive integers and m and n are nonnegative integers. Some such formulas can be ...

A double integral is a two-fold multiple integral. Examples of definite double integrals evaluating to simple constants include int_0^1int_0^1(dxdy)/(1-x^2y^2) = 1/8pi^2 (1) ...

An elliptic curve of the form y^2=x^3+n for n an integer. This equation has a finite number of solutions in integers for all nonzero n. If (x,y) is a solution, it therefore ...

A spherical triangle is a figure formed on the surface of a sphere by three great circular arcs intersecting pairwise in three vertices. The spherical triangle is the ...

There are a great many beautiful identities involving q-series, some of which follow directly by taking the q-analog of standard combinatorial identities, e.g., the ...

product_(k=1)^(infty)(1-x^k) = sum_(k=-infty)^(infty)(-1)^kx^(k(3k+1)/2) (1) = 1+sum_(k=1)^(infty)(-1)^k[x^(k(3k-1)/2)+x^(k(3k+1)/2)] (2) = (x)_infty (3) = ...

The Klein bottle is a closed nonorientable surface of Euler characteristic 0 (Dodson and Parker 1997, p. 125) that has no inside or outside, originally described by Felix ...

An estimator which exhibits estimator bias.

There are essentially three types of Fisher-Tippett extreme value distributions. The most common is the type I distribution, which are sometimes referred to as Gumbel types ...