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A binary tree in which special nodes are added wherever a null subtree was present in the original tree so that each node in the original tree (except the root node) has ...

The extended greatest common divisor of two integers m and n can be defined as the greatest common divisor GCD(m,n) of m and n which also satisfies the constraint ...

The first quadratic nonresidue mod p of a number is always less than 3(lnp)^2/2 (Wedeniwski 2001).

The degree (or relative degree, or index) of an extension field K/F, denoted [K:F], is the dimension of K as a vector space over F, i.e., [K:F]=dim_FK. If [K:F] is finite, ...

The primes with Legendre symbol (n/p)=1 (less than N=pi(d) for trial divisor d) which need be considered when using the quadratic sieve factorization method.

A game which is not biased toward any player. A game in which a given player can always win by playing correctly is therefore called an unfair game.

A group action phi:G×X->X is called faithful if there are no group elements g (except the identity element) such that gx=x for all x in X. Equivalently, the map phi induces ...

Let f(theta) be Lebesgue integrable and let f(r,theta)=1/(2pi)int_(-pi)^pif(t)(1-r^2)/(1-2rcos(t-theta)+r^2)dt (1) be the corresponding Poisson integral. Then almost ...

A partial order defined by (i-1, i), (i+1, i) for odd i.

A number of the form 2^n-1 obtained by setting x=1 in a Fermat-Lucas polynomial, more commonly known as a Mersenne number.