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Algebraic topology is the study of intrinsic qualitative aspects of spatial objects (e.g., surfaces, spheres, tori, circles, knots, links, configuration spaces, etc.) that ...

The term analysis is used in two ways in mathematics. It describes both the discipline of which calculus is a part and one form of abstract logic theory. Analysis is the ...

The homotopy groups generalize the fundamental group to maps from higher dimensional spheres, instead of from the circle. The nth homotopy group of a topological space X is ...

A method for finding roots of a polynomial equation f(x)=0. Now find an equation whose roots are the roots of this equation diminished by r, so (1) The expressions for f(r), ...

Percolation theory deals with fluid flow (or any other similar process) in random media. If the medium is a set of regular lattice points, then there are two main types of ...

In the field of percolation theory, the term percolation threshold is used to denote the probability which "marks the arrival" (Grimmett 1999) of an infinite connected ...

For a single variate X having a distribution P(x) with known population mean mu, the population variance var(X), commonly also written sigma^2, is defined as ...

Zeno's paradoxes are a set of four paradoxes dealing with counterintuitive aspects of continuous space and time. 1. Dichotomy paradox: Before an object can travel a given ...

A Lambert series is a series of the form F(x)=sum_(n=1)^inftya_n(x^n)/(1-x^n) (1) for |x|<1. Then F(x) = sum_(n=1)^(infty)a_nsum_(m=1)^(infty)x^(mn) (2) = ...

The Bessel differential equation is the linear second-order ordinary differential equation given by x^2(d^2y)/(dx^2)+x(dy)/(dx)+(x^2-n^2)y=0. (1) Equivalently, dividing ...