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A method used by Gauss to solve the quadratic Diophantine equation of the form mx^2+ny^2=A (Dickson 2005, pp. 391 and 407).

A version of nim-like games in which the player taking the last piece is the loser. For most impartial games, this form is much harder to analyze, but it requires only a ...

The term perfect square is used to refer to a square number, a perfect square dissection, or a factorable quadratic polynomial of the form a^2+/-2ab+b^2=(a+/-b)^2.

A collineation which transforms every one-dimensional form projectively. Any collineation which transforms one range into a projectively related range is a projective ...

Given a Pythagorean triple (a,b,c), the fractions a/b and b/a are called Pythagorean fractions. Diophantus showed that the Pythagorean fractions consist precisely of ...

A Greek cross rotated by 45 degrees, also called the crux decussata, illustrated schematically above in polyomino form. The multiplication sign × is based on Saint Andrew's ...

Deciding whether a given Boolean formula in conjunctive normal form has an assignment that makes the formula "true." In 1971, Cook showed that the problem is NP-complete.

An even number of the form 4n+2 (i.e., an integer which is divisible by 2 but not by 4). The first few for n=0, 1, 2, ... are 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, ... (OEIS A016825)

The expansion of the two sides of a sum equality in terms of polynomials in x^m and y^k, followed by closed form summation in terms of x and y. For an example of the ...

Let h>=2 and let A_1, A_2, ..., A_h be sets of integers. The sumset A_1+A_2+...+A_h is the set of all integers of the form a_1+a_2+...+a_h, where a_i is a member of A_i for ...