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A Gaussian integer is a complex number a+bi where a and b are integers. The Gaussian integers are members of the imaginary quadratic field Q(sqrt(-1)) and form a ring often ...

A generalized continued fraction is an expression of the form b_0+(a_1)/(b_1+(a_2)/(b_2+(a_3)/(b_3+...))), (1) where the partial numerators a_1,a_2,... and partial ...

The Jacobian conjecture in the plane, first stated by Keller (1939), states that given a ring map F of C[x,y] (the polynomial ring in two variables over the complex numbers ...

The asterisk *, also called a "star," is used for a number of different purposed in mathematics. The most common usage is to denote multiplication so, for example, 2*3=2×3=6. ...

A procedure for finding the quadratic factors for the complex conjugate roots of a polynomial P(x) with real coefficients. (1) Now write the original polynomial as ...

Gradshteyn and Ryzhik (2000) define the circulant determinant by (1) where omega_j is the nth root of unity. The second-order circulant determinant is |x_1 x_2; x_2 ...

Any pair of equations giving the real part of a function as an integral of its imaginary part and the imaginary part as an integral of its real part. Dispersion relationships ...

The finite Fourier cosine transform of an apodization function, also known as an apparatus function. The instrument function I(k) corresponding to a given apodization ...

Let gamma be a path in C, w=f(z), and theta and phi be the tangents to the curves gamma and f(gamma) at z_0 and w_0. If there is an N such that f^((N))(z_0) != 0 (1) ...

Let H=l^2, (alpha_n) be a bounded sequence of complex numbers, and (xi_n) be the (usual) standard orthonormal basis of H, that is, (xi_n)(m)=delta_(nm), n,m in N, where ...