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A covariant tensor, denoted with a lowered index (e.g., a_mu) is a tensor having specific transformation properties. In general, these transformation properties differ from ...

The Latin prefix quadri- is used to indicate the number 4, for example, quadrilateral, quadrant, etc. However, it also very commonly used to denote objects involving the ...

Given a nonhomogeneous ordinary differential equation, select a differential operator which will annihilate the right side, and apply it to both sides. Find the solution to ...

The substitution of x=w-p/(3w) (1) into the standard form cubic equation x^3+px=q. (2) The result reduces the cubic to the equation w^3-(p^3)/(27w^3)-q=0, (3) which is easily ...

The cubic formula is the closed-form solution for a cubic equation, i.e., the roots of a cubic polynomial. A general cubic equation is of the form z^3+a_2z^2+a_1z+a_0=0 (1) ...

A method for finding roots of a polynomial equation f(x)=0. Now find an equation whose roots are the roots of this equation diminished by r, so (1) The expressions for f(r), ...

For vectors u=(u_x,u_y,u_z) and v=(v_x,v_y,v_z) in R^3, the cross product in is defined by uxv = x^^(u_yv_z-u_zv_y)-y^^(u_xv_z-u_zv_x)+z^^(u_xv_y-u_yv_x) (1) = ...

A vector derivative is a derivative taken with respect to a vector field. Vector derivatives are extremely important in physics, where they arise throughout fluid mechanics, ...

Solve the Pell equation x^2-92y^2=1 in integers. The smallest solution is x=1151, y=120.

Arc length is defined as the length along a curve, s=int_gamma|dl|, (1) where dl is a differential displacement vector along a curve gamma. For example, for a circle of ...